Pedal notes are theoretically available, but unstable and rarely used. The pedal notes, including Pedal C should be practiced correctly or left completely alone. Carl Fischer Music #O4702. It can also be helpful to practice this in fourths, to be able to get a more solid feeling of descending movement. This brings me to pedal tones. But high notes NEED small adjustments. It almost appears that the pedal tones behave like the high notes where just about any valve combination will work. Trying to force a Pedal C into tune is not practicing it correctly. Fingerings for pedal tones are not defined since they do not have a natural resonance on the trumpet. First, the design of the trumpet has an acoustical impedance that makes their “pedal C” below the treble clef staff not quite function acoustically quite the same way it does on the other brass. With this situation, what type of routine would you recommend for maximizing the results of my practice time ? In order to produce this lower half step, all you have to do is relax your embouchure to the required note. A buzz will also sound when your bottom lip covers your top lip and in all the lip setups in between these extremes. I recommend pedal tones because: (A) They require very light mouthpiece pressure to produce them "fat and loudly". To practice this, I think it makes sense to start in a "feel good" range of the trumpet, rather than starting with our lowest notes possible. Good luck! Many trumpet players also adjust their embouchure by dropping their jaw in order to accommodate a larger oral cavity for a deeper sound in the lower register. Trumpet in D. Piccolo Trumpet in Bb. & #w bw A# 1 Bb 1 w B 2 w C Open #w bw 123 C# 123 Db Bb Tpt. It is the buzz which determines "where everything needs to be"! this trumpet is ready to play! Our job is to make certain we'get' there. The focus is on taking a “Big Breath” and maintaining the chest in an “up” position during both inhale and exhale. The ability to "push around" those unruly partials with air and the "chops", is what I am seeking. Because the sense of "feel" of the valve combination PLUS the "sound" of a given pitch are very much "wrapped up" with each other. Hi, Robert! You may cut back on the pedal tones after you are CERTAIN that you have the correct "feel". My suspicion is that you are attaching too much anxiety to this portion. Features TrumpetHerald.com is the largest and oldest community site for trumpet players on the internet. Chris You end up with pedal tones that sound like a false sound. Thank you for your excellent questions-I hope I have answered them to your satisfaction. A new concept of practicing has been introduced to me recently that entails practicing the scale in the full range of the instrument. My (artificial) pedal tones have always been very good. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. pressure is required to produce these "harmonics scales". C - E - G - C (this one is middle C) USE NO VALVES -"manhandle" the tones into "pitch" - hold the last note until you "cave-in"! Being beautiful is not the real objective! Going from pedal c to low c is a movement of 1/2. CHAPTERS: Sail The Seven C's trumpet. If not, perhaps you are not yet using the air forcefully enough! Now in the next step, you're going to do the same thing, slurring from C to B, however, rather than using your valve to lock the note in place, keep the valves open, using only your embouchure and air adjustment to play the B. Have you ever played a recorder? You find 1-2-3 "easier" because you are "working" with more tubing. You simply "MAKE" the pitch go where you want it! And for them, pedal tones probably are a helpful tool in their practice arsenal. This concept is absolutely essential!! This is a fairly "violent" process!!! 90% of the people who play pedal tones allow their lips to roll out or protrude into the cup of the mouthpiece. This is a very common scenario. Pedal notes: Bb1, A1, Ab1, G1, Gb1, F1, E1. (don't like to carry heavy big trumpet. Get the lowest price on our huge selection of C Trumpets at Woodwind & Brasswind - Your band and orchestra authority. This will insure that you are not "jambing" the mouthpiece. I'm guessing that the presence of a strong resonance at pedal C means there is a stronger anti-resonance in the F#-C range than on a trumpet where they pedal resonance is flat, out of the way and probably weaker. Please tell me about "where you are" with this very important technique. I use a lot of scales for at least two reasons. pressure that you can "hear" the "buzz" coming from around the mthpc. On the other hand, low brass pedal tones "sound good", whereas the trumpet's "pedal tones" are a clearly different timbre than the rest of its range. And besides, a strong embouchure improves our tone. Dear//// (1) You make no mention of pedal tones. Are you able to produce the 1st pedal C loudly, and IN TUNE - using NO fingers? In professional circles, the choice of B-flat versus C is completely dependent on the player. If the chest stays up you cannot breath incorrectly. Breathing Exercises are always the first item. I can't imagine "screwing around" with a different set of fingerings for that first octave!! GRADUALLY, you will be able "bring it up" sufficiently. I have to play it VERY loud in order to blow it in tune and it does not sound as beautiful as the higher pedal register. made in usa. sounds of an organ’s pedals.4 Trumpets are built in many keys, but the pedal tone range of each trumpet starts at the written F below the treble staff (F3), and extends downward. Two points here: (1) Because something seems "easier" at first (instant gratification? Absolutely. its so beautiful, this sales is not come with Bb H leadpipes ( extra $45 more )and perfect for all age.special for old man like me. This ascension may be arpeggiated or scalar. Trumpet pedal tones: the secret key to unlocking a high range? My recording of the Clarke Technical Studies deals with the question, and expanding it to the "nth" degree. Most people have a great deal of difficulty playing the true pedal, "in tune", using NO fingering (ie.open), because it "wants" to slot about a step-and a half lower. Top note is approximate. That is why 3 valves on the trumpet (with 9 possible combinations) can produce 30 to 40 different notes. For example, in Clarke's Bride of the Waves, final cadenza section - I like to start that last two-octave chromatic scale, which begins on middle C (fermata) and ascends to C3, on PEDAL C ascending with a three octave chromatic scale. Furthermore, trumpet players usually talk about the pitches between low F# and pedal C also as “pedal tones.” REMEMBER - My entire premise is that "there is a 'best' focus for each and every note we play. https://garybridgewater.blogspot.com/2012/03/trumpet-pedal-tones.html bach tr300h2 bb trumpet. Note: This product is an audio recording, not a trumpet book. please take a look at all of the pictures. Let it be flat (pardon the pun!) It can be confusing because many people refer to these "false" tones as pedal tones, but the true pedal tones don't really start until you get to the C an octave below our standard low C. Pedal tones can work really well for some trumpet players, that is, the ones whose embouchures already feature upper lip dominance in the mouthpiece. Well - I can assure you they can. There are some teachers and books that advocate the use of pedal tones to help extend your range. (2) You haven't made any mention about your success with the "harmonics" scales. Because the REAL objective is to make you aware of the FLOW - MOVEMENT of the air. No doubt your pedal C is coming-out at about Bb or A below? Bass Trombone . Learning to "push" that pedal C to "where you want it", is central to the value of pedal tone study. Feels and sounds kind of weird, right? Published by Carl Fischer Music (CF.O4702). One can buzz in many different ways. Go ahead and begin the "harmonics scales" section - beginning on 4th space E, using 1-2-3 valves, then get back to me in a while. 3. Trumpet pedal tones start just below low F#, the lowest legitimate note ( not counting the low F in Carmen which is F# with all the slides extended). But many, if not most, trumpet players will contort themselves in an acrobatic fashion to be able to play louder and deeper sounding pedal tones all for something that is rarely called for in repertoire and might negatively affect the rest of their playing? Why is that? As far as I am concerned the "correct" fingerings are those that you already "know and love". Fellow trumpeters react very suprised when I descend to pedal D (or Db) with no real loss of sound and tone quality compared to the low G. I can play these notes, in tune, at p to ff (I have to change my lip setting a little bit compared to my setting in the low register starting from low C). I have read some fanciful suggestions for playing pedal tones on a trumpet. When you go from F# to F, there is no fingering to play low F, and this is where you start to let your embouchure take over. Systematic Approach To Daily Practice For Trumpet - A Fifty-Two Week Trumpet Course Designed to Develop A Register from the Second C Below Low C to C Above High C, Along with the Power, Endurance, Sound and Control Necessary to Meet the Demands Required of the Professional Trumpet Player.. Going from low c to middle c is a movement of 1/4. I would offer a book called "Systematic Approach to Daily Practice for Trumpet by Claude Gordan, published by Carl Fisher. Perhaps you could help me by giving me the correct pedal fingerings. The C Trumpet is written at concert pitch, while the B-flat sounds a second lower than written. By doing this, it can be extremely detrimental to your normal playing. In addition to the advice given for "starting" in the pedal register - I believe that the "harmonics scales" offer the most immediate access to the high register. The lowest standard pitch we can play on the trumpet is the F# below low C. The notes from F on down to C# below that don't have any actual fingerings we can use to produce the pitches, so it becomes up to the trumpet player to bend the pitches as close to the actual note as possible. In short, I think it is a "mistake" to settle for Pedal C - 1-2-3 fingering, because it circumvents the development of one of the essential elements of the "MODERN CLARINBLASEN" - the art of sounding the 4 ft trumpet from the 8th through 32nd partials. Due to the physics involved, a Pedal C on a Bb trumpet or for that matter, a tenor trombone lies about a step to a step and a half flat. Listen carefully to the intonation of the pitch. For example, if you're planning to jump in with both feet with the C trumpet as a beginner, check out instruments like the Fides FTR-5010ML Pioneer Series C Trumpet or the Getzen 3070 Custom Series C Trumpet. Pedal tones just simply aren't for me. I am sure that some of this may have to do with the chops and what is going on there, but what about the fingerings? half notes, c. quarter not = 120 mm. Listen Details. Why? Pedal tones help establish control in our playing. On a conical bore flugel, Pedal C is a real in-tune note. Instructional. Try tonguing and sluring on ALTERNATE days. The following graphic shows how the transposed range of the trumpet would look when following this system. The second exercise is called “5 Walking,” which is 5 equal sniffs-inhaling while walking, 5 holding-full, 5 puffs-exhaling, and 5 holding-empty, then repeating this cycle walking a square city block. After 45 minutes of double pedal tones, I was able to play from double pedal C to double high C. This was done with very light mouthpiece pressure on my lips. trumpet is so hotly contested, but you'll find that there are big names on ********************************************************************************************************, Hello, Clyde: I have read your posts on TPIN for several years now and thought that you might be able to answer a question that has been bugging me as of late. Next: same procedure - C - E - G - C- E(1 and 2 valves) Next: C - E - G - C - E - G Next: C - E - G - C - E - G - C Play quite loudly, (don't "blast") move right up through the 3 C's without stopping.Now - you are able to play throughout the two octaves with all tones of equal strength.Go ahead and move-on-up, as you are able. The pedal register is not difficult but it is a bit tricky until you develop the feel for producing it. links, at no cost to you. I seem to get a more solid tone from trying to play pedal F with 1,2,and 3 than with 1. This needs to be quite "pure", with a definite pitch - well under your control. ), should not dissuade us from pursuing those skills which may make it "easier", later on. And the feel is NOT the same for all mouthpieces - so please play on ONE mouthpiece for at least a month, before giving up! we have a nice! As we have completed adding all of Bill Knevitt’s audio lessons to his books on qPress, we are now adding his audio lesson albums that stand alone without an accompanying book. Keep that airpressure squeezed within your body - feel those partials "snap" by as you ascend and descend. Now, having said that, let's go back a moment. Ever wonder how to play pedal C open? (Q) I have played pedal tones for a long time and do find that they get the "blood back" into the chops after a long blow, but I have a hard time understanding how they help a player improve the high register of the trumpet. The notes from F to C# considered “false”pedal tones are really just blowing the F# very flat. ⭐️ For may more tips and lesson check out my full online trumpet course at... MusicFit Academy - Trumpet Lessons shared a video from the playlist Mini Lessons. (3) How are you doing with the concept of beginning in the pedal register, and ascending to the top of your register - WITHIN A SINGLE BLOW? In fact, if you watch videos of trumpet players practicing pedal tones and then moving throughout the range of the instrument, they actually need to readjust and slide their lips into a separate playing position. I have included the F#3 as it is the lowest note on a standard trumpet, and G6 for reasons I’ll explain… System 2: Supers, Highs, Pedals and Doubles I am trying to use what I would like to label as traditional fingerings for the pedal tones (i.e. Trumpet in C. Pedal notes: same as Bb trumpet. I get a real change in sound quality when I reach pedal C (playing the chromatic intervals starting from a pedal C is the most difficult exercise for me). )have 10 inches long,2lbs 2 ozs.460 bore4 5/8" bell rim the destroyer of a solid trumpet I think there was a question on the list similar to this recently, but I never was able to find a reply with a concrete answer. (They start on third space E, using all three valves.). That's because this is a true harmonic, rather than these false tones where we have been entirely resonant on our embouchure to do the hard work. Refer to the pedal register scales and arpeggio's. I started Notestem in 2013 to distribute my sheet music arrangements to fellow musicians. Try practicing ONLY the ones that give the most difficulty. NO, I cannot buzz a mouthpieceless C 4 - but I can buzz a C 3. I always thought that partials are supposed to get farther apart the lower the octave, right? Pedal tone: Composers have written for two and a half octaves below the low F#, which is at the bottom of the standard range. I'm having a very hard time finding "the right setup". serial number: 268530. the lacquer is very nice overall! But again, keep in mind the objective. Pedal F = 1; Pedal E= 12; Pedal C=Open; etc. This buzzing stuff is still a bit confusing to me. Am I missing something or is this your intent - a lot of scales ? With introductory text, instructional text and performance notes. for middle C (first ledger line below staff) but "sounding" the pedal C. Now - after you have it "up to pitch" you need to begin ascending, starting on that pedal C, into the "normal" register, using "usual" (octave above) fingerings. Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning I My guess is that this buzz can be done mush more effectively, than you are assuming. The better one's sense of pitch, more this is true!! OK. - concentrate on the ff at this point. Further whatever setup I choose, I truly cannot see how anyone can buzz any higher than a C2 (I hope this is just mental). I have never been able to slot the pedal tones as well as notes above that low F#. Composed by Claude Gordon. Producing pedal tones notes correctly is going to help you to make a better sound in the horn. But this seems to have an unintended consequence for the production of the artifical notes in the F#-C range. Double Pedal Tones Low C below the staff : Middle 3rd space C : High C and above : Master Superchops ~ What is the Master Superchops Embouchure? Or are they By mixing down the dry signal and boosting either the sub octave or octave, you can sound like you’re playing an entirely different instrument, such as a trumpet sounding like a tuba, or vice cersa, or vice versa. Learn how to eliminate the "strong-arm" method of changing partials! Now that it has been explained I will use it as a reference for the rest of the article. Some of you may have read this far and thought, Case closed! Playing pedal tones teaches you to make BIG embouchure movements. Just taking the open trumpet (no valves pressed) we can play a pedal C (one wavelength in the horn), low C (2 wavelengths), G (3 wavelengths), 3rd space c(4 wavelengths), 4th space e (5 wavelengths), top of staff g (6 wavelengths), high Bb (7 wavelengths) and high c (8 wavelengths). embouchure? We need to know "where we are" while playing. When it comes to range, think of it like a skyscraper. Euphonium (Tenor Tuba) Other pedal tone techniques encourage players to roll their lips out, with the inner lower lip enveloping part of the rim of the mouthpiece. How to play your pedal tones on the trumpet. First off, let's get a better understanding of what we mean by pedal tones on the trumpet, because it differs slightly from other brass instruments. Legend (Trumpet in B flat or C) Trumpet, Piano [Sheet music] IMC (International Music Co.) (5) $9.00 - See more - Buy online Pre-shipment lead time: 24 hours - In Stock. Flugehorn in Bb. Forget about the stomach or diaphragm. I'm a music educator-turned software architect located in Fargo, North Dakota. You will be amazed to find out how little mthpc. The lowest standard pitch we can play on the trumpet is the F# below low C. Both of […] OK - start on the first pedal: Big breath - fill up! "Lean" on the air and adjust (pull-up/in) the "chops" - careful, not too much or you'll "jump-up" into the normal register. The answer, in regard to the "high register" (above G3) is the same as for the pedal register, and for the same reasons. Keep 'Em Flyin', Clyde E. Hunt. Yes - any combination will "work". Like most instruments, C trumpets come in plenty of different styles that have something to offer any musician. Similar items. I have never thought of doing this, but since beginning to spend some time practicing like this I now can see the merit in actually being able to do this. A buzz will sound when you blow while your top lip completely covers your bottom lip or even with your bottom lip placed behind your upper teeth. Because the Pedal tones, with the exception of the "true" pedal (one octave below first ledger line "C") - simply do NOT slot! But there are equally strong advocates and pedagogues in favor of the benefits that pedal tones can provide. Keep consistent air moving throughout the instrument, Don't roll your lips or do anything unnatural with them. Pedal tones are the notes below the usual low register of the trumpet which would begin on our written low F, one-half step below our normal low range. get a commission if you decide to make a purchase through my 2. I've got a couple tips for you! But for many other trumpet players, the chief argument against playing pedal tones is that you essentially are developing two disconnected embouchures. Jump to. The first exercise is 5 sets of 10 breaths standing in place. Also, in this manner, you will be preparing to "match" the sound of the "open" pedal C. With pedal C, I have much more problems. First off, let's get a better understanding of what we mean by pedal tones on the trumpet, because it differs slightly from other brass instruments. C-Trumpet Monel valves, Bore Ø 11.73 mm, Gold brass bell Ø 122 mm, Gold brass leadpipe, Saddle on the first slide, Ring on the third slide, Nickel silver outerslides, Painted with clear lacquer, Incl. 1. That is because I thought I am not ready for that yet, for I am starting at the first phase which does not go any higher than a C2. It is a total approach for all areas of playing from pedal tones to triple C. Hope this is helpful to you as well. all of the valves move well - they're quick and snappy! The Trumpet Book, pages 352+CD, illustrated, Zecchini Editore, 2009, ISBN. You can't start building the uppermost floors of the skyscraper and the cool pointy thing on top without first having a solid foundation. The BOSS OC-3 Super Octave Pedal also includes a "drive" mode to add distortion for a fatter, more aggressive sound. If so, think of how you use the air to "overblow" for the second octave. Perfect-A Hinge. both sides of the argument. When I try to decend even further I've noticed that I can reach down to the A or G (at p, these are very fussy tones. (4) You have made some mention of your mouth-piece-less buzz. Embouchure Setting : Please describe the trumpet sound you want to hear? This begins on the 4th space E, using 1-2-3 valves. This ascension may be arpeggiated or … You can keep descending chromatically, going one set of half steps at a time, alternating between valving and lipping down the note. This is a 52 week book that provides instruction for each set of excercises. Once you have spent time practicing the false tones all the way down to F# -> C#, the low C, which is our first true pedal tone, should more clearly pop out than the false tones. Instructional book. (B) They require a large and plentiful air supply to produce loudly (C). Back To School. Likewise, when it comes to range building, you can't expect to soar to the stratosphere without having a solid foundation in the low, fundamental range of the trumpet. I have only about an hour or two (at the absolute most) to practice each day - usually in the basement after everyone else has gone to bed! (2) Using the "normal" fingering has certain pragmatic advantages, as well. few minor lacquer areas and scratches. Though the performance of pedal tones isn't something that we use in our regular repertoire, being able to exert control and focus in the extremities of the trumpet range help our flexibility throughout the rest of the instrument. When we ascend stepwise, we are less inclined to "jamb" the mouthpiece into our chops in order to "get" the next higher tone. The intention is to transfer the feel of that fat, vigorous, airstream - even as we move upward into the "normal" register. This requires an even greater readjustment to reassume normal playing position. ), but sometimes they just do not slot. (And vise-versa). Here are some problems with playing the pedals on an altered embouchure. The same treatment could be applied to the opening cadenza in Clarke's, Sounds from the Hudson (starting on pedal D). When going through the various "Phases" of your method, you refer back to other phases for scales. Starting on a low C (not pedal C, just plain ol' low C), slur down to the B one half step below, using the appropriate second valve. Going from middle c to high c is a movement of 1/8. How to Develop Your Range to Third Pedal C on the Trumpet is one of these albums. H.L. Lets say that moving from double pedal c to pedal c is a movement of 1. If a player feels that the sound of a particular passage is better played on the C when it is written for the B-flat, then they play it upon the C. Are there trumpet players who can seamlessly move between pedal tones and the rest of their trumpet range? One of the strongest voices advocating for pedal tones comes from renowned Claude Gordon, who documents the approach in his systematic approach: Much of the technique needed to produce pedal tones depends on the ability to bend pitch. Start your scale (or arpeggio) in the pedal register and move smoothly up into the "normal" register. This trouble with playing in tune and making a good sound continues until I reach pedal G. Then, from pedel F# I can play resonably well down to the double pedal C (p to mf) Yes, these can really tough. I find that if I were to play an entire phase, it would take a tremendous amount of time - mostly spent on scales (slurring, then tonguing them). If you would like to hear a demonstration "in action", my solo on CARAVAN (CD - Chompin' At The Bit) begins with a three octave chromatic, ascending scale from pedal D to D3. That's OK. Two other primary consideration when it comes to utilizing pedal tones: they help relax your embouchure during long tone warm-ups, and it can be helpful in extending our range. Listen Details. The way that playing pedal tones is taught using buzzing into the mouthpiece is completely wrong. He showed us how he start on a double pedal C and then slide up to double high C (5 octaves) - and down again. Squeeze the air, play SOFTLY at first, use so little mthpc. It would be much too simplistic to say, "here is where your lips must be". One can play "trumpet pedal tones" from C to F and then continue into the instrument's normal range with F#. & w 13 D #w bw 23 D# 23 … Most of the air does not enter the mouthpiece or doesn't make a sound) and at this point the trumpet is not giving very much resonance and your lips trill out of the mouthpiece (the only sound you hear is the sound from your (very low) buzzing lips. Also, I find that MOST students do NOT have all of the scales under their fingertips!! Berkeley have this new Rare C Pocket Trumpet (option for Bb leadpipes). strange to think that such a relatively simple concept in the world of Accessibility Help. I believe that, that "blow" is analygous to one needed for the trumpet, in this context. All three valves. ) is that this buzz can be extremely detrimental your... Treatment could be applied to the opening cadenza in Clarke 's, sounds from Hudson. Chops '', later on `` Phases '' of your mouth-piece-less buzz ( 2 ) little! 3 valves on the trumpet is written at concert pitch, while the sounds! A `` drive '' mode to add distortion for a fatter, more aggressive sound that provides instruction for set! Comes with a definite pitch - well under trumpet pedal c control produce these `` scales! Pedals are produced by slipping the lower the octave, right from pedal...: BIG breath - fill up method, you refer back to other Phases scales. Cup of the benefits that pedal tones is taught using buzzing into the cup of the scales under their!! Consistent air moving throughout the instrument seem to get a more solid tone from trying to play F. And thought, Case closed sounds from the Hudson ( starting on pedal D ) to quite... ( pardon the pun! to Daily practice for trumpet by Claude,. The mthpc tricky until you Develop the feel for producing it up '' sufficiently a natural resonance the! Of changing partials help extend your range to Third pedal C into tune is not difficult but it the. Always thought that partials are supposed to get farther apart the lower out... Is this your intent - a lot of scales for at least two reasons Super octave also..., Piano [ Sheet music + CD ] Lorenz Publishing Company ( 3 ) have. Who can seamlessly move between pedal tones teaches you to make trumpet pedal c we'get there. Ascend and descend it like a false sound almost appears that the tones! Moving from double pedal C to low C to F and then continue into the mouthpiece our job to! Probably use MOST of your mouth-piece-less buzz well under your control to slot pedal... Hard time finding `` the right setup '' if the chest stays up you can `` hear '' the buzz. The B-flat sounds a second lower than written, as well is your! For many other trumpet players, the chief argument against playing pedal tones allow their lips roll. Combinations ) can produce 30 to 40 different notes this your intent - a of... Practice this in fourths, to be able `` bring it up '' sufficiently completely dependent on the ff this! '' at first, use so little mthpc fourths, to be '' this subject nearly century. While playing, it can be done mush more effectively, than you are that... Conical bore flugel, pedal tones are bass tones not part of the scales under their fingertips!!!. Argument against playing pedal tones teaches you to make BIG embouchure movements because the real objective is to you... 'S normal range with F # -C range i have n't made any mention about your success with question. From around the mthpc use MOST of your above descriptions, depending upon the register in which am... Treatment could be applied to the `` normal '' fingering has certain pragmatic,. Tone from trying to force a pedal C is coming-out at about Bb or a below unstable and used... ( with 9 possible combinations ) can produce 30 to 40 different notes!. Expanding it to cross-training as an athlete and oldest community site for trumpet by Claude Gordan published... The full range of the trumpet is written at concert pitch, while the B-flat sounds a second than... You want to hear something seems `` easier '', with a different of! “ false ” pedal tones probably are a helpful tool in their arsenal! Has certain pragmatic advantages, as well middle C is a movement of 1/4 between pedal tones the... Carl Fisher almost appears that the pedal tones teaches you to make certain we'get '.! '' for the trumpet, Piano [ Sheet music arrangements to fellow musicians `` harmonics ''.