In the same year, Catherine issued the Charter of the Towns, which distributed all people into six groups as a way to limit the power of nobles and create a middle estate. As such, she believed that strengthening her authority had to occur by improving the lives of her subjects. The more interesting question is why Napoleon and Hitler didn't learn from the fate of Charles XII. The battle left the Russian fleet in tatters as 53 ships were sunk by the Swedes. The imperial couple moved into the new Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. The expedited completion of the palace became a matter of honor to the Empress, who regarded the palace as a symbol of national prestige. This turn of events has become known as “the Second Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.”. Married – Peter III of Russia Children – Paul, Anna, Aleksey Died – 6th November 1796 St Petersburg Russia aged 67 years. 250 years ago, Russia’s tsarina Catherine the Great signed a manifesto inviting foreigners to settle in her country. She also became a great patron of Russian opera. A case of Peter’s religious policies serves as a demonstrative example of how the pro-Prussian emperor was perceived in Russia. On the following day, the formal betrothal took place in Saint Petersburg. Watch Official Trailer now. After Peter succeeded to the Russian throne, the pro-Prussian emperor withdrew Russian forces from the Seven Years’ War and concluded a peace treaty with Prussia, an event known as the Second Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. In one of her letters to Dennis Diderot, she referred to how she saw her responsibility as the empress: Catherine II of Russia visits Mikhail Lomonosov in 1764. More than 2,000 Swedes died from the cold in a single night. Her first task after this was to address the war with Sweden. Russia thus switched from an enemy of Prussia to an ally — Russian troops withdrew from Berlin and marched against the Austrians. Although Sophia’s father, a devout German Lutheran, opposed his daughter’s conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy, in 1744 the Russian Orthodox Church received Princess Sophia as a member with the new name Catherine and the (artificial) patronymic Alekseyevna (daughter of Aleksey). It is curious that over the course of 250 years, three European kings and dictators fought a campaign in Russia in the dead of winter. Peter the Great had already gained land on the baltic sea and founded saint petersburg there, but catherine the great wanted more so she expanded even more into the black sea to develop a permanent presence there. The Empress also spent exorbitant sums of money on the grandiose baroque projects of her favorite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli. Catherine II the Great Recognized worldwide as a noteworthy historical figure, Catherine the Great made such progress in political power that it is hard to find similar examples in world history. After his death in 1730, Elizabeth’s first cousin, Empress Anna (ruled 1730-40), daughter of Peter the Great’s elder brother Ivan V, ruled Russia. Russo-Swedish War (1788–90) Also known as Gustav III's Russian War in Sweden, and Catherine II's Swedish War in Russia. Two years after the implementation of Catherine’s program, a member of the National Commission inspected the institutions established. Historically, when the serfs faced problems they could not solve (such as abusive masters), they appealed to the autocrat. For one, her name wasn’t really Catherine—and she wasn’t really Russian. To be fair to the Lion of the North, Charles XII had no crystal ball to foresee what would happen to Napoleon and Hitler when they invaded Russia. She left the palace and departed for the Ismailovsky regiment, where Catherine delivered a speech asking the soldiers to protect her from her husband. Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great by Russian painter Fyodor Rokotov, 1763.: Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. The girls who attended the Smolny Institute, Smolyanki, were often accused of being ignorant of anything that went on outside the walls of the Smolny buildings. The only thing a noble could not do to his serfs was to kill them. Russia often treated Judaism as a separate entity and Jews were under a separate legal and bureaucratic system. In 1786, the Russian Statute of National Education was promulgated. The period of Catherine’s rule (1762-1796), the Catherinian Era, is often considered the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and Russian nobility. She came to power as a result of a daring coup that, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. Although she placed strictures on Roman Catholics in the Polish parts of her empire, Russia also provided an asylum to the Jesuits following their suppression in most of Europe in 1773. Catherine first met Peter at the age of 10. Her religious policies aimed to control populations and religious institutions in the multi-religious empire and were not an expression of religious freedom. She had her husband arrested and forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne. THE GREAT is a satirical, comedic drama - based on the occasional historical fact - about the rise of Catherine the Great from outsider to the longest reigning female ruler in Russia's history. The critical event of Elizabeth’s later years was the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). The tombstone of the Swedish Empire was carved at the Battle of Poltava in central Ukraine in June 1709. However, in 1758, Chancellor Bestuzhev was removed from office, most likely because he attempted to sow discord between the Empress and her heir and his consort. Charles XII marched into Russia with just 40,000 men, a small force compared to the 500,000 of Napoleon's Grande Armee of 1812, or the 3 million men of Hitler's Operation Barbarossa. The guards repaid her kindness when on the night of November 25, 1741, Elizabeth seized power with the help of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Detail Catherine the Great’s journey from German Princess to sole ruler of Russia. Catherine was born Sophia Augusta Frederika of Anhalt-Zerbst on April 21st 1729. Peter intervened with a relief force of 80,000 men. The diplomatic intrigue failed, largely due to the intervention o… The American Revolution was fought during her reign, from 1775-1783, which gave cause to the League of Armed Neutrality, concluded in July 1780 and headed by Catherine. She championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code. As Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter planned war against Denmark to restore parts of Schleswig to his Duchy. Catherine presided over the age of the Russian Enlightenment and sought contact with and inspiration from the major philosophers of the era. Elizabeth Petrovna (1709 – 1762), the daughter of Peter the Great and his second wife, Catherine I, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. During the first six years of the war, Elizabeth focused on diplomatic (both covert and overt) and military efforts that aimed to deprive Frederick the Great and Prussia of their position as a the major European ruler and power. As empress, Catherine westernized Russia. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin and mediated Frederick’s truce with Sweden. In 1784 Crimea was taken from the Ottomans and three partitions wiped Poland off the map. Today Catherine is a source of … Shortly after the outbreak of war, 113 officers in the Finnish town of Anjala dispatched a letter to Empress Catherine II the Great of Russia calling for peace on the basis of the pre-1743 status quo—one favourable to Sweden. But as later invaders were to learn, the Russians could replace their losses while the invaders could not. All this would have been impossible without the steady support of Elizabeth, who trusted him completely in spite of the Chancellor’s many enemies, most of whom were her personal friends. Six months later Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. There followed heavy fighting between the Russian and Swedish warships, which ended with a Russian defeat at Svensksund. By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev not only extricated his country from the Swedish imbroglio but also reconciled the Empress with the courts of Vienna and London; enabled Russia to assert itself in Poland, Turkey, and Sweden; and isolated the King of Prussia by forcing him into hostile alliances. The choice of Sophia as wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar Peter of Holstein-Gottorp (as Peter III), was a result of diplomatic arrangements, most notably by Peter’s aunt, Empress Elizabeth. 1762 - Tsar Peter III is assassinated and his wife Catherine II takes the crown. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. Sweden lost its Baltic territories, and never regained its vast possessions or military glory. The Russian troops first resisted a Swedish charge (wounds had forced Charles to relinquish command of his army). After the annexation of Polish territories, the Jewish population in the empire grew significantly. able to undo the ignominy of the Nordic war and return Sweden its supremacy in the Baltic Sea region. And then Sweden decided to invade Russia in 1708. The regiment marched to the Winter Palace and arrested the infant Emperor, his parents, and their own lieutenant-colonel, Count von Munnich. The period of Catherine’s rule, the Catherinian Era, is often considered the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and Russian nobility. Sweden seized large parts of today's eastern Germany and Poland, and became a major Baltic power. The substantial changes made by Peter the Great had not exercised a formative influence on the intellectual attitudes of the ruling classes as a whole, and Elizabeth aimed to change that. Her marshals Suvorov, Ushakov and Potemkin greatly expanded Russian’s territory in the south and west. Based on her writings, she found him detestable when they met, which did not change after the two got married. While the nobility put up appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to send their children to private, more prestigious institutions. Historians find no evidence for Catherine’s complicity in the supposed assassination. However, she did not support a free-thinking spirit among her own subjects as much as among the famous French philosophers. Catherine staged a coup and had her husband arrested, forcing him to sign a document of abdication and leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne. Many attribute its popularity to Elizabeth’s relationship with Alexei Razumovsky, a Ukrainian Cossack and the supposed husband of the Empress, who reportedly relished music. However, as Persia under Agha Mohammad Khan invaded Georgia, established Persian rule in 1795 and expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus, Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796.On 10 May 1796, the Russian troops under Count Valerian Zubov stormed the key fortress of Derbent and by the middle of June, overran most of the territory of modern-day Azerbaijan, including … At Narva in today's Estonia in 1700, 12,000 Swedes outnumbered nearly 3 to 1 almost wiped out a 37,000-strong Russian force during a battle fought in a blizzard. When Alexander Radishchev published his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1790 (one year after the start of the French Revolution) and warned of uprisings because of the deplorable social conditions of the peasants held as serfs, Catherine exiled him to Siberia. But as in later conflicts, there was still the Russian colossus to contend with. Born to the family of impoverished German aristocracy, Catherine the Great’s fate was decided when she was chosen Catherine the Great enthusiastically supported the ideals of the Enlightenment, thus earning the status of an enlightened despot, although her reforms benefited a small number of her subjects and did not change the oppressive system of Russian serfdom. Catherine the Great was a westernizing monarch. Alarmed at the Russian troops concentrating near their borders, unable to find any allies to resist Russian aggression, and short of money to fund a war, the government of Denmark threatened in late June to invade the free city of Hamburg in northern Germany to force a loan from it. They continued doing so during Catherine’s reign though she signed legislation prohibiting the practice. 1736 - Start of the Russo-Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire. S1 E6 Parachute Michael Peck is a contributing writer for the National Interest. Young Catherine soon after her arrival in Russia, by Louis Caravaque, ca. An estimated 62,000 pupils were educated in some 549 state institutions near the end of Catherine’s reign, a minuscule number of people compared to the size of the Russian population. She encouraged Mikhail Lomonosov’s establishment of the University of Moscow and Ivan Shuvalov’s foundation of the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. The triumphs of Elizabeth’s foreign policy were credited to the diplomatic ability of Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the head of foreign affairs. During the Thirty Years War of 1618-48, Swedish forces advanced so far south that they almost captured Prague and Vienna deep in Central Europe. Then came the Great Frost of 1709, the coldest winter that Europe had experienced in the previous 500 years, which of course turned Russia into a vast freezer that could sustain human life under the right conditions. Born Sophia Augusta Fredericka to Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp in Stettin, Pomerania, her fate was decided after she was chosen to become wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar Peter of Holstein-Gottorp (as Peter III). While 17th Century armies were transitioning from swords and pikes to muskets and artillery, Gustavus Adolphus increased the number of gunpowder weapons. Meanwhile, Russian columns ambushed and destroyed Swedish reinforcements that Charles desperately needed to replenish his battered army. This philosophy of enlightened despotism implied that the sovereign knew the interests of his or her subjects better than they themselves did. Catherine II of Russia reigned Russia from 1762 until her death in 1796. Writing for History Extra, Hartley describes Catherine’s Russia as an undoubtedly “aggressive nation” that clashed with the Ottomans, Sweden, Poland, Lithuania and the Crimea in … 1884 painting by Ivan Feodorov. However, military conscription and economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and private landowners led to increased levels of reliance on serfs. The Swedes suffered about 19,000 casualties, almost their entire force. For a Swedish army deprived of shelter and food in a scorched landscape, the conditions were anything but right. Elizabeth regarded the 1756 alliance between Great Britain and Prussia as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia and sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great. However, despite the experts’ recommendations to establish a general system of education for all Russian Orthodox subjects from the age of 5 to 18, excluding serfs, only modest action was taken. Seeing the soldiers reminds Catherine of her goal to rule Russia differently. Catherine converted to the Russian Orthodoxy as part of her immersion in the Russian matters but personally remained largely indifferent to religion. The deprivation to both the Russian people and the army caused by the ongoing Seven Years’ War were not permitted to hinder the progress. By building new settlements with mosques placed in them, Catherine attempted to ground many of the nomadic people who wandered through southern Russia. 1.1. Charles left Russia with 543 survivors. Peace between the two countries followed, on August 15. However,Elizabeth died in 1762, a year before the war formally ended. Did Catherine actually help broker the end of a war between Russia and Sweden? Catherine had a reputation as a patron of the arts, literature, and education. The road to Moscow is a matter of choice. Paul had in effect become a ward of the state and in a larger sense, the property of the state, to be brought up by Elizabeth as she believed he should be — as a true heir and great-grandson of her father, Peter the Great. She followed the precedent established when Catherine I (born in the lower classes in the Swedish East Baltic territories) succeeded her husband Peter the Great in 1725. Peter III’s temperament became quite unbearable for those who resided in the palace. One of Peter’s most widely debated reforms was a manifesto that exempted the nobility from obligatory state and military service (established by Peter the Great) and gave them freedom to travel abroad. On July 17—eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession to the throne—Peter III died at the hands of Alexei Orlov. Within a few months of her accession in 1762, having heard the French government threatened to stop the publication of the famous French Encyclopédie on account of its irreligious spirit, Catherine proposed to Diderot that he should complete his great work in Russia under her protection. Although Sweden was able to defeat Russia on the water, however, a landing of … An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. The Swedes were commanded by young Charles … Taxes doubled again for those of Jewish descent in 1794 and Catherine officially declared that Jews bore no relation to Russians. She expanded the Russian Empire, improved administration, and vigorously pursued the policy of Westernization. He focused on making alliances with Sweden and England to ensure that they would not interfere on Denmark’s behalf, while Russian forces gathered at Kolberg in Russian-occupied Pomerania. She applied herself to learning the language and wrote that when she came to Russia she decided to do whatever was required of her to become qualified to wear the crown. Elizabeth aimed to continue changes made by Peter the Great. Lestocq and Frederick wanted to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia to weaken Austria’s influence and ruin the Russian chancellor Bestuzhev, on whom Empress Elizabeth relied and who acted as a known partisan of Russo-Austrian co-operation. During her reign, Catherine gave away many state-owned peasants to become private serfs (owned by a landowner). The tsar’s eccentricities and policies, including a great admiration for Frederick the Great of Prussia, alienated the same groups that Catherine cultivated. He represented the anti-Franco-Prussian portion of Elizabeth’s council and his object was to bring about an Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance. However, Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul was not his son. Furthermore, Peter intervened in a dispute between his Duchy of Holstein and Denmark over the province of Schleswig, which many at his court saw as a step towards unnecessary war. She pioneered for Russia the role that Britain later played through most of the 19th and early 20th centuries as an international mediator in dis… While she eliminated some ways for people to become serfs, culminating in a 1775 manifesto that prohibited a serf who had once been freed from becoming a serf again, she also restricted the freedoms of many peasants. During Catherine’s reign, Russians imported and studied the classical and European influences that inspired the Russian Enlightenment. Catherine levied additional taxes on the followers of Judaism, but if a family converted to the Orthodox faith that additional tax was lifted. His pro-Lutheran stand has been interpreted by some recent biographers as the introduction of religious freedom, while Peter’s contemporaries (and many historians) saw it as an anti-Orthodox attitude proving Peter’s lack of understanding of his own empire. Unfortunately for the Swedish Meteor, the Russians also used a strategy that had always worked for them. The monarch taking responsibility for the subjects precluded their political participation. It is suggested that his mother had engaged in an affair—to which Empress Elizabeth consented—with a young officer named Serge Saltykov and that he was Paul’s father. The newlyweds settled in the palace of Oranienbaum, which remained the residence of the “young court” for many years to come. It’s sometimes simply called the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg, which also refers to a surprising development during the Seven Years’ War, when Russia and Austria failed to follow up their victory over Frederick the Great at the Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759) He gave up Russian conquests in Prussia and offered 12,000 troops to make an alliance with Frederick the Great (1762). Indeed, it was even an empire, a fact that must make today's Swedish leftists cringe. The building was commissioned from Giacomo Quarenghi by the Society for Education of Noble Maidens and constructed in 1806–08 to house the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, established at the urging of Ivan Betskoy and in accordance with a decree of Catherine in 1764. Under young King Gustavus Adolphus, a brilliant and innovative military commander, Sweden in the early 1600s became a sort of Nordic Israel (which must also make Swedish leftists cringe). Due to various rumors of Catherine’s promiscuity, Peter was led to believe he was not the child’s biological father, but Catherine angrily dismissed his accusation. Despite two early defeats, the Swedes recovered sufficiently to take on the Russian Navy in July 1790. In 1785, she declared Jewish populations to be officially foreigners, with foreigners’ rights. In the 18th century, the peasantry in Russia were no longer bound to the land, but tied to their owners, which made Russian serfdom more similar to slavery than any other system of forced labor that existed at the time in Europe. Due to the rumors of Catherine’s promiscuity, Peter was led to believe he was not the child’s biological father. Throughout Russia, the inspectors encountered a patchy system. Recall the events of Peter III’s time as tsar. Peter III’s decision to turn Russia from an enemy to an ally of Prussia and his domestic reforms did not convince the Russian nobility to support the unpopular emperor. The war inspired patriotism in Catherine's subjects but, in 1773, a former officer of the Don Cossacks inspired the greatest uprising in Russia prior to 1917. Catherine staged a coup and had her husband arrested, then forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne. After initial setbacks, in 1709 these troops proved themselves effective when they won the decisive battle of the Great Northern War with Sweden. Historians find no evidence for Catherine’s complicity in the supposed assassination. Although the exemption from the obligatory service was welcomed by the Russian elites,  the overall reform did not convince them to support their emperor, who was generally considered as taking little interest in Russia and its matters. The Swedes were commanded by young Charles XII, a clever, energetic ruler dubbed the “Lion of the North” and the “Swedish Meteor.” But Russia was led by the legendary Peter the Great, who eventually turned his large but poor nation into a major European power. The choice of Sophia as wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, resulted from diplomatic management in which Count Lestocq, Peter’s aunt (the ruling Russian Empress Elizabeth), and Frederick the Great of Prussia took part. The plan was another attempt to force nomadic people to settle. This triumph was credited to the diplomatic ability of the new vice chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the head of foreign affairs. Nonetheless, there is a story that soon after Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812, the Tsar dispatched General Balashov with a letter urging peace. Peter was believed to have taken a mistress (Elizabeth Vorontsova), while Catherine carried on liaisons with Sergei Saltykov, Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov, Alexander Vasilchikov, Grigory Potemkin, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Alexander Vasilchikov, and others. However, due to extremely high mortality rates, it failed to serve that purpose. The establishment of the institute was a significant step in making education available for females in Russia. She often visited them, marking special events with the officers and acting as godmother to their children. Her first task after this was to address the war with Sweden. After the Toleration of All Faiths Edict of 1773, Muslims were permitted to build mosques and practice freely. Elizabeth remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs due to her strong opposition to Prussian policies and her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, an unprecedented one at the time. Peter’s shift in the official position of Russia from the enemy to the ally of Prussia during the Seven Years’ War eroded much of his support among the nobility. She enthusiastically supported the ideals of the Enlightenment, thus earning the status of an enlightened despot. She also significantly expanded Russian territory. So why shouldn't it work again? Some of these men eventually became her trusted political or military advisors. (Moscow Times – themoscowtimes.com – Ilaria Parogni – July 7, 2015) Hollywood actress, film director and producer Angelina Jolie has purchased the film rights to Simon Sebag Montefiore’s book about the love affair between Catherine the Great of Russia and Prince Grigory Potemkin, the British author’s literary agency said Monday. …Swedish war effort in the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90. The movement spread rapidly and, in June 1774, Cossack troops prepared to march on Moscow. An admirer of Peter the Great, she continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines although her reforms did not benefit the masses and military conscription and economy continued to depend on serfdom. Yet the war began well for the Swedes. Pugachev launched the rebellion in mid-September 1773. As the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth enjoyed much support from the Russian guards regiments. In many ways, the struggle resembled World War II, where smaller but proficient German forces defeated larger but clumsier Soviet armies. She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe. It was a daring coup and, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. Elizabeth (1709 – 1762), the daughter of Peter the Great and his second wife, Catherine I, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. Elizabeth invited her young nephew to Saint Petersburg, where he was received into the Orthodox Church and proclaimed heir in 1742. Her religious policies largely aimed to control populations and religious institutions in the multi-religious empire. It knocked Denmark-Norway and the Polish-Lithuanian Empire out of the war. Catherine left with the regiment to go to the Semenovsky Barracks where the clergy was waiting to ordain her as the sole occupant of the Russian throne. Catherine II of Russia (1729 – 1796) was the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. Russia thus switched from an enemy of Prussia to an ally. Despite some victories, by late 1774 the tide was turning, and the Russian army’s victory at Tsaritsyn left 9,000 to 10,000 rebels dead. As such, she believed that strengthening her authority had to occur by improving the lives of her subjects. They married in 1745 but the union was unhappy. Pugachev’s Rebellion Catherine was an enlightened liberal only in theory. Catherine longed for recognition as an enlightened sovereign. She applied herself to learning the language with such zeal that she rose at night and walked about her bedroom barefoot, repeating her lessons (she mastered the language but she retained a foreign accent). After the death of Empress Elizabeth in 1762, Peter succeeded to the throne as Emperor Peter III and Catherine became empress consort. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Elizabeth’s reign was marked by domestic reforms that continued the efforts of her father, Peter the Great, strengthening Russia’s position as a major participant in the European imperial rivalry. In 1785, Catherine approved the subsidization of new mosques and new town settlements for Muslims. On July 17, eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession to the throne, Peter III died at the hands of Alexei Orlov. Eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession to the throne, Peter III died at the hands of Alexei Orlov. to become wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar Peter III, whom she eventually overthrew to become the Empress of Russia in 1762. Young Peter of Holstein-Gottorp lost his mother, Elizabeth’s sister Anna, at three months old and his father at the age of 11. She cultivated and corresponded with French encyclopedists but did not support a free-thinking spirit among her own subjects as much as among famous French philosophers. These rumor led many, including Peter, to believe that her two children were not fathered by her husband. Catherine believed a “new kind of person” could be created by inculcating Russian children with European education. 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